Prostate Cancer: Early Signs, Risk Factors, and When to Consult a Doctor

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men in India. While it is generally more common in men above 50, younger men with a family history or genetic predispositions are also at risk. Often, prostate cancer develops slowly, and early stages may not cause noticeable symptoms, which makes awareness, regular screening, and timely medical attention crucial.

Understanding the prostate, recognising potential warning signs, and knowing when to consult a doctor can help men take proactive steps toward better health and improved outcomes.

What is Prostate Cancer?

The prostate is a small gland located just below the bladder. It produces seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm. Prostate cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the prostate grow uncontrollably, forming a tumour.

Most prostate cancers are slow-growing, and some may never cause significant health problems. However, certain aggressive types can spread to other parts of the body, such as bones or lymph nodes, highlighting the importance of early detection.

Who is at Risk?

Age Factor

Prostate cancer is rare in men under 40. The risk increases significantly after 50, and the likelihood rises with advancing age.

Family and Genetic History

A family history of prostate cancer, particularly in fathers or brothers, increases the risk. Inherited gene mutations like BRCA1, BRCA2, or HOXB13 also play a role.

Lifestyle Factors

A sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and an unhealthy diet may contribute to a higher risk of prostate cancer.

Ethnicity

Studies suggest that men of African or African-Indian ancestry may have a slightly higher incidence, though research in the Indian context is ongoing.

Having risk factors does not mean one will definitely develop prostate cancer. Regular check-ups and screenings are key to early detection.

Early Signs and Symptoms

In many cases, early prostate cancer causes no obvious symptoms, which is why screening is essential. However, men should be aware of the following warning signs:

Urinary Symptoms

• Difficulty starting or stopping urination
• Weak or interrupted urine flow
• Frequent urination, particularly at night
• A feeling that the bladder is not fully empty

Sexual Health Changes

• Erectile dysfunction or difficulty maintaining an erection
• Painful ejaculation or changes in sexual performance

Pain or Discomfort

• Pain in the lower back, hips, pelvis, or upper thighs
• Discomfort during urination or ejaculation

Other Signs

• Blood in urine or semen
• Unexplained fatigue or weight loss
• Swelling in the legs (in advanced cases)

These symptoms can also result from non-cancerous conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or infections, but any persistent signs should be evaluated promptly.

Screening and Diagnosis

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test

The PSA test measures the level of prostate-specific antigen in the blood. Elevated levels may indicate prostate cancer or other prostate conditions.

Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)

A doctor may perform a DRE to physically examine the prostate for abnormalities or lumps.

Imaging and Biopsy

If screening suggests risk, imaging techniques like MRI, ultrasound, or a prostate biopsy may be recommended to confirm the diagnosis and determine the stage of cancer.

Men over 50, or those with a strong family history, are advised to undergo regular PSA testing and clinical evaluation.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the stage, aggressiveness of the cancer, and the patient’s overall health. Common options include:

• Active Surveillance: Monitoring Slow-Growing Cancers Without Immediate Intervention
• Surgery (Prostatectomy): Removing part or all of the prostate in early-stage cancer
• Radiation Therapy: Targeted radiation to destroy cancer cells
• Hormone Therapy: Reducing male hormones that fuel cancer growth
• Chemotherapy: For advanced or aggressive cancer
• Precision Medicine & Immunotherapy: Modern treatments tailored to the individual’s tumour, improving effectiveness and reducing side effects

Prevention and Lifestyle Considerations

While not all cases can be prevented, men can reduce risk and maintain prostate health through:

• Maintaining a healthy weight and staying physically active
• Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Limiting red meat, processed foods, and alcohol
• Avoiding smoking
• Regular check-ups and timely PSA screenings

Final Thoughts

Prostate cancer often develops silently, making awareness and routine screening vital, especially for men above 50 or those with a family history. Early detection improves the chances of effective treatment and long-term survival.

Men should not ignore urinary changes, sexual health issues, or unexplained pain. Prompt evaluation by a specialist ensures timely diagnosis and personalised treatment.

Consult an Expert

If you are experiencing symptoms or are due for prostate cancer screening, you can consult Dr. Peush Bajpai, Director & Unit Head, Medical Oncology, Max Hospital, Dwarka, New Delhi.

With over 20 years of experience, he specialises in precision oncology, immunotherapy, and comprehensive cancer care, providing personalised, evidence-based treatment and compassionate guidance for men facing prostate cancer.