Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, and When to See a Doctor

Breast cancer remains one of the most common cancers affecting women in India and across the world. Over the past decade, the number of breast cancer cases has been steadily rising, particularly among women living in urban areas. However, the encouraging truth is that when detected early, breast cancer is highly treatable, and survival rates are significantly better.

Awareness, early detection, and timely medical intervention can make all the difference. Understanding the early signs and symptoms and knowing when to consult a doctor can help women take proactive steps towards protecting their health.

Understanding Breast Cancer

Breast cancer develops when cells in the breast grow uncontrollably, forming a lump or tumour. While it most commonly affects women, men can also develop breast cancer, though it is rare.

The breast is made up of lobules (milk-producing glands), ducts (tubes that carry milk), and fatty tissue. Cancer can begin in any of these areas, but most often starts in the ducts (ductal carcinoma) or lobules (lobular carcinoma).

The exact cause of breast cancer is still not fully understood. However, several risk factors have been identified that can increase the likelihood of developing the disease.

Common Risk Factors

Age

The risk of breast cancer increases with age, particularly after 40 years.

Family History

Women with a mother, sister, or daughter diagnosed with breast cancer are at higher risk.

Genetic Mutations

Inherited mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 can significantly raise the risk.

Hormonal Factors

Early menstruation, late menopause, or long-term hormone replacement therapy may contribute to increased risk.

Lifestyle Factors

Obesity, lack of physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, and an unhealthy diet can also play a role.

Reproductive History

Women who have never had children or had their first child after 30 may have a slightly higher risk.

Note: Having one or more risk factors does not necessarily mean a person will develop breast cancer. Regular screening and awareness remain the key to early detection.

Recognising the Early Signs and Symptoms

A Lump or Thickening

The most common symptom is a lump in the breast or underarm that feels different from the surrounding tissue. Most lumps are not cancerous, but it is important to get them evaluated by a doctor.

Changes in Size or Shape

Any noticeable difference in the size or shape of the breast should be checked.

Skin Changes

Redness, dimpling (orange-peel texture), or puckering of the skin on the breast may indicate an underlying issue.

Nipple Changes

Inversion (nipple turning inward), discharge (especially if bloody), or itching around the nipple area should be taken seriously.

Pain or Tenderness

Persistent pain in the breast or armpit area that does not go away with time needs medical evaluation.

Swelling

Swelling in part or all of the breast, even without a lump, can be a sign of breast cancer.

Importance of Breast Self-Examination (BSE)

One of the simplest ways to detect changes early is through regular Breast Self-Examination (BSE). Every woman above the age of 20 should learn how to perform it and make it a part of her monthly routine, preferably a few days after her menstrual period ends, when the breasts are least tender.

How to Perform BSE

• Stand in front of a mirror and visually check for any changes in size, shape, or skin texture.
• Raise your arms and observe for the same.
• Use the pads of your fingers to gently feel each breast in circular motions, covering the entire area, including the armpits.
• Lie down and repeat the process to ensure you can feel the deeper tissues.

If you notice any abnormality or change, consult your doctor promptly.

When to See a Doctor

It is always better to be cautious. You should consult a doctor or a specialist if you experience:

• Any lump or swelling in the breast or armpit
• Persistent breast pain or heaviness
• Unusual discharge from the nipple
• Skin dimpling, redness, or thickening
• Nipple changes or inversion

Your doctor may recommend a clinical breast examination, mammogram, ultrasound, or biopsy, depending on your symptoms and age. Women above 40 are generally advised to undergo mammography once every one to two years, or earlier if there is a family history of breast cancer.

Early diagnosis often means simpler, less invasive treatment and better outcomes.

Treatment and Hope

If diagnosed, treatment for breast cancer depends on the stage, type, and overall health of the patient. Common treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and hormone therapy.

In recent years, major advances such as precision oncology and immunotherapy have improved survival rates and quality of life for patients. These treatments focus on tailoring therapy to each patient’s unique tumour characteristics, helping achieve better results with fewer side effects.

Prevention and Lifestyle Tips

While not all cases can be prevented, certain lifestyle changes can help reduce risk:

• Maintain a healthy weight
• Exercise regularly (at least 30 minutes of moderate activity daily)
• Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Limit alcohol intake and avoid smoking
• Go for regular check-ups and screenings as recommended by your doctor

Final Thoughts

Breast cancer awareness should not be limited to one month or campaign—it should be a lifelong commitment to health and self-care. Recognising symptoms early and seeking timely medical help can truly save lives.

If you notice any unusual changes in your breasts, do not ignore them or delay consultation. Early detection gives you the best chance for effective treatment and recovery.

Consult an Expert

If you or a loved one has noticed symptoms or is seeking expert guidance on breast cancer diagnosis or treatment, you can consult Dr. Peush Bajpai, Director & Unit Head, Medical Oncology, Max Hospital, Dwarka, New Delhi.

With over 20 years of experience in oncology, he specialises in precision oncology, immunotherapy, and comprehensive cancer care, offering evidence-based and compassionate treatment for every patient.